Natural Language Generation

What is Natural Language Generation?

Natural language generation (NLG) is the use of artificial intelligence (AI) programming to produce written or spoken narratives from a data set.

Natural language generation (NLG) is the use of artificial intelligence (AI) programming to produce written or spoken narratives from a data set. NLG is related to human-to-machine and machine-to-human interaction, including computational linguistics, natural language processing (NLP) and natural language understanding (NLU).

Research about NLG often focuses on building computer programs that provide data points with context. Sophisticated NLG software can mine large quantities of numerical data, identify patterns and share that information in a way that is easy for humans to understand. The speed of NLG software is especially useful for producing news and other time-sensitive stories on the internet. At its best, NLG output can be published verbatim as web content.


How NLG works?

NLG is a multi-stage process, with each step further refining the data being used to produce content with natural-sounding language. The six stages of NLG are as follows

Content Analysis:  Data is filtered to determine what should be included in the content produced at the end of the process. This stage includes identifying the main topics in the source document and the relationships between them.

Data understanding: The data is interpreted, patterns are identified and it's put into context. Machine learning is often used at this stage.

Document structuring: A document plan is created and a narrative structure chosen based on the type of data being interpreted.

Sentence aggregation: Relevant sentences or parts of sentences are combined in ways that accurately summarize the topic.

Grammatical structuring: Grammatical rules are applied to generate natural-sounding text. The program deduces the syntactical structure of the sentence. It then uses this information to rewrite the sentence in a grammatically correct manner.

Language presentation: The final output is generated based on a template or format the user or programmer has selected.


How is NLG used?

Natural language generation is being used in an array of ways. Some of the many uses include the following:


  • generating the responses of chatbots and voice assistants such as Google's Alexa and Apple's Siri
  • converting financial reports and other types of business data into easily understood content for employees and customers;
  • automating lead nurturing email, messaging and chat responses;
  • personalizing responses to customer emails and messages;
  • generating and personalizing scripts used by customer service representatives;

  • aggregating and summarizing news reports;
  • reporting on the status of internet of things devices; and
  • creating product descriptions for e-commerce webpages and customer messaging.

NLG vs NLU vs NLP


NLP is an umbrella term that refers to the use of computers to understand human language in both written and verbal forms. NLP is built on a framework of rules and components, and it converts unstructured data into a structured data format.


                                       


                            
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NLP encompasses both NLG and NLU, which have the following distinct, but related capabilities:

NLU refers to the ability of a computer to use syntactic and semantic analysis to determine the meaning of text or speech.
NLG enables computing devices to generate text and speech from data input.
Chatbots and "suggested text" features in email clients, such as Gmail's Smart Compose, are examples of applications that use both NLU and NLG. Natural language understanding lets a computer understand the meaning of the user's input, and natural language generation provides the text or speech response in a way the user can understand.

NLG is connected to both NLU and information retrieval. It is also related to text summarization, speech generation and machine translation. Much of the basic research in NLG also overlaps with computational linguistics and the areas concerned with human-to-machine and machine-to-human interaction.

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